“Harlem” by Hughes Essay Example for Free

â€Å"Harlem† by Hughes Essay Nowadays Langston Hughes is considered to be one of the well-known and most influential African-American poets in the twentieth century. His poetry was published from the Harlem Renaissance when the African-American artists along with their works had been flourishing in Harlem till the beginning of Black Movements as well as Civil Rights. Hughes’ brief poem â€Å"Harlem† introduces eternal themes seen throughout his volume â€Å"Montage of Dream Deferred† as well as throughout his life and career as a poet. The poem â€Å"Harlem† emphasizes the living conditions of people with limited dreams which are put off and lost in Harlem in post-war period. Therefore the poet touched the deepest and most painful themes of those times. Actually the main theme of the poem is to present that postponing person’s dreams and desires will inevitably result in deconstruction. (Hughes 1996) The questions of the poem are addressed to social consequences of many deferred dreams and they are hinting at racial strife as well as at resentment erupted with the Black movements and Civil Rights during 1950-1960s. Throughout the poem the author sketches many decayed and wasted images and represents in such a way that the dream is lost and fated. It is seen in the poem that many potential consequences are influencing only single dreamers. The ending of the poem persuades that despair can â€Å"explode† if being epidemic and will result in political and social damage. (Hughes 1996) It is apparent that the poem is full of extraordinary and interesting literary devices. For example, the author uses many rhetorical questions simply because he wants these questions to be answered themselves. First stanza is characterized by a rhetoric question using also a simile â€Å"like a raisin in the sun†, â€Å"sags like a heavy load†, â€Å"like rotten meat†, â€Å"like a sore†, â€Å"like a syrupy sweet†, etc, that will be discussed below. The last stanza is characterized by using a question along with metaphor â€Å"does it explode? †. The metaphor is the symbol of drastic difference between unsuccessful reaching a desired dream and making dream come true. (Hughes 1996) The poem has its own irregular rhyme: meat-sweet, load-explode, sun-run. The author uses irregular meter – he stresses different syllables in every line varying their length in each line. Such rhyme makes and impression of sense of nervous energy and increase frustration. The rhyme is formed on musical forms such as â€Å"jazz, ragtime, swing, blues, boogie-woogie, and bebop† as the author was really fond of them. The poem is characterized by sudden nuances and conflicting changes. (Hughes 1996) Hughes in his poem uses a series of similes in order to depict and describe in more vivid way what is happening to a dream when it is put off. There are five similes in the poem: 1. The first simile is in the third line: â€Å"dry up like a raisin in the sun†. This simile suggests that the human’s dream has been already forgotten. (Hughes 1996) 2. The second simile is in the fourth line: â€Å"fester like a sore†. The simile outlines that dream eats a person and aggravates him as it is not obtained. 3. The third simile is in the sixth line: â€Å"stink like rotten meat†. This simile suggests that it is a dream that makes a person crazy and mad, because he realizes he is unable to make his dream come true. (Hughes 1996) 4. The fourth simile is in the eighth line: â€Å"sugar over like a syrupy sweet†. This simile point out that the dream is seen in the horizon and a person can taste it as it is close to him. 5. The fifth simile is in the tenth line: â€Å"sags like a heavy load†. The simile questions if dream is a burden for dreamer. (Hughes 1996) In conclusion it is necessary to notice that I prefer drama and therefore was strongly influenced by â€Å"Harlem† as it makes realistic portrays of real people who underwent negative treatment because of racist attitudes and stereotypes. I agree with the author that those stereotypes have to be countered as all people are equal in the world. (Hughes 1996) References Hughes, Langston. (1996, June 25). A Dream Deferred. Retrieved September, 28, from http://www.cswnet.com/~menamc/langston. htm

Business Law of Agency

Business Law of Agency Purpose:  People credited with this unit standard are able to: define agency; apply the law relating to creation and termination of agency; apply the law relating to authority of agents; apply the law as to the rights of third parties; and apply the law relating to the duties of a principal and an agent to each other, and the remedies for breach of duty. Task:   1 (A) a)Universal agency: In the case of universal agency the agent who deals with the third customer have the full authority and unrestricted authorities to act as like the principal. Because principal given that rights to the agent to do so. So in this case agent will see the business of Susan which is in overseas. (USLegal, NA) b) General agency:  General agency is bit similar to the universal agency in which agent take care of the principal property and look after and he have that much which principal could by himself. They can even get cash payments first instead of principal. In this case shop will cut the 30% of the total money in which they sell the silver. (GENERAL AGENT, NA) Task 2 The main legal question is: Was an agency relationship created between   Tim and   Gray? The facts of the case: Principal is Tim.   Agent is Gray. Third party is the car owner. Tim who is an accountant loved old fashioned cars and he is keen to buy one. Tim tells to grey to visit a car show. In a car auction of Mercedes Benz. Grey offers $25000 for the car. Thats how Tim makes deal with Grey and Owner. Grey knew that Time would love to buy this. The issue (s) is: Are there ways of creating an agency relationship satisfied?   Yes.   There are five ways of creating an agency relationship. Express appointment appointed orally or in writing the agent has express (or actual) authority. Ratification an agent acts without authority but the principal later ratifies (approves) the contract. Necessity operation of law in an emergency. Apparent agency (also called estoppel or ostensible agency Presumption (also called implied agency) Decision and the reasons. Example: Yes an agency relationship was created between Tim and Gray.   There are several ways of creating an agency relatlonship.   In this case the relationship was created by ratification when Tim ratified the deal. The main legal question Was the agency relationship between Michael and Livy terminated? The facts of the case: Principal is Michael.   Agent is Livy.   Third party is the tenant. Michael has a house that was for lease.   His agent was Livey.   Michael made an offer for the renewal of the lease through Livy, his agent.   The tenant was given three months to accept the terms..   One week after making an offer Michael died.   After this the tenant signed the agreement, not knowing that Michael had died. The issue (s) : Are there ways of terminating an agency relationship? Yes.   Agency relationship can be terminated by both parties or by operation of law Decision and the reasons . The agency was terminated by operation of law.   The law states that the agency relationship ends with the death of either party.   The death of Principal Michael terminated the agency relationship.   Since the third party (tenant) signed the contract after the death of the Principal (Michael) through the(   Agent ) Livy,   the contract between Michael and the tenant is void since Livy   was no longer Michaels agent at the time of contract acceptance by the tenant. Task 3   Ã‚  Ã‚   3.1  Ã‚   Barlams has a binding contract with Eastexpo for the sale and  Ã‚   purchase of 800 sheepskins. The main legal question is: Who is bound in a contract with third party agent or the principal? The facts of the case: In this scenario : Principal: Kong, Agent: Wang and third party: Barlams The fact of this case is that Kong hired a agent for his company to buy sheepskins from other companies. But they make a clause in the agreement that Wang can order only 500 sheepskins. He cannot order more than 500 without the permission of Kong. But here Wang visit Barlams and he founds the sheepskin quality is good so he order 800 of sheepskin with taking permission from Kong. The issue (s) are: According to the contract with Kong.   Wang is not allowed to ordered more than 500 sheepskins. Decision and the reasons Yes, Eastexpo can cancel the order of 800 sheepskins as they are not bound with any contract with Barlams. Their agent breaches the condition by ordering more that 800 sheepskins while he was not allowed to do that. Wang is liable as a result of his actions to either Barlam or Eastexpo. The main legal question is : Is any contract of   Barlam with Eastexpo? The facts of the case: Principal is Eastexpo. Agent is Wang. Third party is Barlams.The fact of this case is Wang order 800 sheepskins while he was not allowed to order more than 500 without permission but he did it without getting any permission from Kong. The issue (s) are: The issue is when he was in contract with Eastexpo that he cannot give order of more than 500 sheepskins then why he orders more than that to Barlams. Decision and the   reasons Yes, Wang is liable for all of this. Because he is in a contract with Eastexpo and the contract says that he can give order 500 of sheepskins but he cannot give order more than that.   So its clear that Wang is liable and he have to pay for this. Task 4   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   4.1  Ã‚   The main legal question is Is Reno has the rights to sue unnamed Principal? The facts of the case: Principal is unnamed. Park is Agent. Reno is third Party. The fact of this case is that Reno wants a swimming pool at the back of her house. So she called Park and make a contract with him to make a swimming pool in a period of one month but she pay him $10,000 00 as an initial amount. There was also a clause in the contract which says if he fails to complete the swimming pool in one month then he have to refund the initial amount. The issue (s) are: The main issue is that as per contract the swimming pool should be complete in 1 month but he fails to do so. Now he has to refund the initial amount. But after 2 month Reno get to know that he was just an agent of Brilliant constructions. But he should tell this thing before making the contract. Decision and the reasons No. Reno cannot sue the unnamed principal because there is nothing about that unnamed principal in the contract. But she can definitely sue the Park   and get her money back as she makes a contract with him. 4.2    Tanya sues James for not disclosing his relationship with Michael Hill Co. The main legal question Is Tanya able to sue Michel hill and James for did not disclosing the relation between them. The facts of the case: The fact of this case is Michael hill co was Principal, James was an agent and Tanya was a third party who wants to sell her diamond. James was hired by Michael hill to buy a 9 cut diamond on a joint account for them on a certain price. James told Tanya that he will give her the diamond but she needs to wait for the sometime. James cancel the transaction with Tanya and Michael offers the diamond on lower cost. The issue (s) are: James tried to sell the diamond on higher price to Tanya instead of Michael hill. But first he made a false promise to Michael hill that he will give a diamond on a certain price. Decision and the reasons   : No, Tanya cannot sue the Michael hill and James. Because it is not necessary to disclose the information of Principals agent. 4.3 The main legal question is Was Noreen authorized to deposited the half of the money in charities account without let them know? The facts of the case: Principal was Alan and Noreen was agent. The fact of this case is Alan is rugby a team who play rugby games through their talent and all the fees which they get paid; Noreen transferred this whole amount into Alans account. Once they got NZ $50,000 from one of their major games and Noreen deposited only half of the amount into Alans account and rest of the money they give to the charity. Which Alan used to support while before. The issue (s) are: The issue is that Noreen donates the half of the amount without the permission of Alan. But she should ask them first. Whether they like to donate or not. Because they used to support the charity a while long before. Decision and the reasons Yes, the action taken by the Noreen will be considered as unauthorized.   Because without letting them know she   donated the money. Task 5 5.1 1) The fact of this case is John was the Principal, Cathy was the agent and third party was Edwin. John hired Cathy as an agent to sell his boat because he is going overseas and he tell her that he wants to sell this as soon as possible with a minimum cost of $150,000.   After this Cathy post an add to sell the boat. She got 20 buyer but she decided to talk only 5. Then she got one of the buyer who offered her 140,000 for the boat and 10,000 for her if she accept the offer. 2) The duties which Cathy breached are they she didnt answered all of the calls. She answered only 5 calls. She should talk all of them. May shell get someone who can give her more than 150,000 and she also make a 10,000 commission by accepting the Edwins offer of 140,000. 3) John can cancel the contract with Cathy. Because he already told her the minimum amount of $150,000 and he can earn that commission profit by selling that boat himself. 5.2 The main legal question Is there any violation of the law happened by the Principal. The facts of the case: The fact of this case John was the Principal, Bryan was agent and Linda was third parties. John hired Bryan to sell an article through auction. Bryan sell the article to the Linda through auction and after some time she found that the original article had been stolen and Greg who was the real owner will be able to sue the Bryan because he sell the stolen article to Linda. The issue (s) are: The main concern is john appoints the Bryan to sell the stolen article but that time Bryan was not aware with that. But when Greg sued Bryan then he gets to know that article was stolen. But now he can able to recover the money from John. Decision and the reasons Yes, we can say that there was violation of the duties by the John. Because the article was stolen. So its illegal to sell someones article. 5.3 Assume that Jurgen is not liable to supply WDR. Explain what remedy WDR has, if any. The main legal question What remedy WDR has if Jorgen fails to supply? The facts of the case: In this case principal was Jurgen, Richard was agent and third party was WDR. Jorgen used to make chocolate and used to sell these in Adelaide local market. But after some time he appoint a agent in Sydney to sell their chocolates in Sydney local market. Richard was his agent he starts to sell their chocolates in Sydney. Richard is succeeding to arrange wine and dine stores to sell chocolates to them. But in the month of march Jorgen get some stretch in resources for the manufacturing of chocolate so he tell his agent not to accept any large order for next 3 months. The issue (s) are: The issue is that Jorgen already told to Richard not to accept any big order from any customer. But still Richard accepts big orders from WDR and from one of his new customer with same big amount.   Richard also gets a plasma TV from WDR for the promoted delivery. Decision and the reasons No, Jorgen will not be liable to supply the orders to WDR and new Customers. Richard will be liable for that. Because he takes order by himself while he knew that Jorgen told him not to accept any big orders for next 3 month. In this case WDR can sue Richard and claim all of their loss from Richard. WDR can sue Richard for not delivering the chocolates. Able to claim all their loss from Richard Can terminate the contract. Assume that Jurgen is liable to supply WDR. Explain what remedy Jurgen has, if any. The main legal question is What remedy Jorgen has if he liable to supply. The facts of the case: In this case principal was Jorgen, Richard was agent and third party was WDR. Jorgen used to make chocolate and used to sell these in Adelaide local market. But after some time he appoint a agent in Sydney to sell their chocolates in Sydney local market. Richard was his agent he starts to sell their chocolates in Sydney. Richard is succeeding to arrange wine and dine stores to sell chocolates to them. But in the month of march Jorgen get some stretch in resources for the manufacturing of chocolate so he tell his agent not to accept any large order for next 3 months. The issue (s) are: The issue is that Jorgen already told to Richard not to accept any big order from any customer. But still Richard accepts big orders from WDR and from one of his new customer with same big amount.   Richard also gets a plasma TV from WDR for the promoted delivery. Decision and the reasons Okay, Yes If Jorgen will be liable for the supply of chocolates to WDR. Then remedies which he will get is like he can claim for that Plasma TV which Richard gets from WDR also he can cancel the contract with Richard and also he can say no to Richard for his commission. Because Richard should not accept the order after gets written letter from Jorgen. 5.4  Ã‚   Discuss the remedies for breach of agents duties are applied to a given fact situation. Justify your answer. (E5-PC 5.4) Facts The office manager tells his secretary that she can buy a television for the office lunch room but she must not go over $500. The secretary buys a microwave for $750, telling the store it is for her work and to invoice them. When the invoice comes the office manager refuses to pay. What rights does the store have? The main legal question is Remedies after breaching the agents duties. The facts of the case: In this case Principal was Manager, Secretary was the agent and third party was store. The case is that Manager told secretary to buy a television for the lunch room. But it should not be more than $500. But instead of television secretary buys a microwave for $750 and she ask for the invoice to the store as for her work. The issue (s) are: The issue is that secretary breach the order of his manager and also the amount which she told to spend minimum. She buy a microwave instead of TV. When manager gets to know she refuses to pay her. Decision and the reasons The remedies should be like that: She has to pay for this by herself or if she refuse to pay then her Manager may deduct this from her salary.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   References Contractual Remedies Act 1979. (2016). Retrieved from http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1979/0011/latest/DLM366.html Declaratory relief law and legal definition. (2001-2016). Retrieved from http://definitions.uslegal.com/d/declaratory-relief/ Chron. (2016). Retrieved from http://www.smallbusiness.choron.com InvestorWords. (2016). Retrieved from http:/investorwords.com your dictionary. (1996-2016). Retrieved from http://www.yourdictionary.com

Accountability Representation Control Three Pillars of Organizational effiency

Accountability Representation Control Three Pillars of Organizational effiency Accountability, representation and control are often perceived as the three different entities; however, they are three interconnected topics which form the base of the organization. They function on the various aspects of the accounting which is a diversified field and can be studied under these three heads in more detail. I have tried to illuminate the major aspect of all these three topics with respect to accounting and then how these issues are applied in the recent economic debacle. To begin with first I would like to bring the notion of accountability and then representation and then control and lastly, the recent financial failures. Accountability: An Introduction Accountability breeds responsibility. This famous quote by Steven R. Covey gives the meaning of accountability in rather general terms. The concept of accountability can be defined as the process through which a person is held answerable for his actions and deeds.. Under the umbrella of the organization the notion of accountability can be stated as the phenomenon through which whether a person at the higher level of hierarchy or at the lower level is accountable for his works and services that he renders to the organization. Accountability from the organizational perspective bears great importance as it is the measure through which the performance of the organization and a person serving can be judged and analysed. Accountability has different forms which can be studied and understood by the findings of John Roberts (1991). He tries to explore different contemporary forms of the accountability and the possibilities in which accounting can be perceived. First, the individualising form of accountability can be studied in which the accountability contributes in making the realization of the image an individual perceives about it. (John Roberts,Page No. 358,1991). This perspective helps a person to polish his senses and action thereby improving his image that is noticed by others. Second view of accountability that Roberts illustrates is the socialising form in which a person can improve its performance and efficiency by interacting with some of the experienced people in the organization. Accountability institutionalizes the use of accounting through which it operates in the organizations and firms. How Accountability Works? Accountability within the organizations mainly works through three different levels of accounting. They are auditing, management accounting and financial reporting (Lightfoot, 2009 Accountability,2009 Available on https://blackboard.le.ac.uk/webapps/portal/frameset.jsp?tab_id=_2_1url=%2Fwebapps%2Fblackboard%2Fexecute%2Flauncher%3Ftype%3DCourse%26id%3D_3872_1%26url%3D)). Financial reporting and management accounting aspect of accounting has been dealt in detail in representation and control part respectively. The third and more applicative form in which accountability holds in the organizations is the auditing in which companies accounts are checked and verified by some agency or authority assigned for it is covered in detail here. When it comes to organizational perspective the application of accountability expands. From the past there has been a practice in business and organizations to maintain the accounts of each and every transaction that takes place in the organization. In mode rn era this system has become more advanced and transparent. The organizations can be judged or held responsible economically on the grounds of the accounts or financial statements that they produce. This involves the concept of auditing of company accounts. Audit serves as a vital economic process and play an important role in serving the public interest by strengthening the accountability and reinforcing the trust and confidence in financial reporting ((Available on http://www.icaew.com/index.cfm/route/139474/icaew_ga/Technical_and_Business_Topics/Thought_leadership/Audit_Quality_Forum/Agency_theory_and_the_role_of_audit/pdf, 2005) ,2005). Auditing of accounts are generally performed by the people employed by the owner of the company, these persons are called auditors, agents or stewards. They generally work in the interest of the company with focus on the economic performance of the institution. This phenomenon is called as agency theory which suggests that because of the informa tion asymmetries people employ agents or stewards who works for the benefit of the company. Auditing gives a clear idea of accounts and also imparts the correct information to the shareholders. In UK, the auditing system was enforced after the application of Company Law Act 1985 where each and every registered company were supposed to produce an annual audit. (Available on http://www.icaew.com/index.cfm/route/139474/icaew_ga/Technical_and_Business_Topics/Thought_leadership/Audit_Quality_Forum/Agency_theory_and_the_role_of_audit/pdf,2005) . Interplay between Accounting and Accountability Accounting can be defined as the process of identifying, measuring and communicating the financial information about the entity to permit informed judgments and decisions by users of information. ( American Accounting Association as quoted in Atrill and McLane , Page No.5, 2002). Initially there were cruder forms of accounting first one was double entry system which was a binary system method used for recording the events in which all the debits and credits were represented in the tabular form and the second was bookkeeping which was the maintenance or the summary of all the financial transactions taken place.(Arizona, 2001). Accountability often comes to play where there is some accounting failures or discrepancies and the company or the person producing the account is held responsible. Historical perspective of Accounting The topic of emergence of accounting and some other new fields in accounting which has helped in making the inefficiencies of the individual visible and thus holding them responsible using the techniques of accounting viz standard costing and budgeting. Moreover, the authors have underpinned the notion of improving the individual performance by using these forms of accounting that emerged over the years. The studies of the accounting past reveal that the concept of accounting has changed over the years as per the nature and the requirement of the changing business scenario (Miller and OLeary 1987). One advantage of studying the concept of accounting from historical perspective is that a person can analyse where the accounting concept went in discord with respect to the demanding environment and these views can be elucidated and worked out at present. Representation an Overview Representation from the purview of accounting can be further studied as financial accounting is an important branch of accounting which deals with the accounting outside the organization as company . This comes under the financial aspect of accounting. Financial statements or reports can be defined as the [tool] which provide a picture of the financial position and performance of the business. (Atrill and Mclaney,2008:Pg No. 38)There are various objectives of producing financial statements such as informing the investors or creditors about the current positioning of the company, to keep a record of all the economic transactions taking place within the company, to help managers in taking decisions etc.( Lightfoot,Chapter No.7 Representing accounting 2009). There are three forms of financial statements produced viz. cash flow which is the net movement of the cash taking place over a period of time often referred to as the difference of cash in and cash out (Atrill and Mclaney,2008; Ge offrey Lightfoot Chapter 2 Representation of accounts and representation of theories of accounting. ,2009), the income statement which is also called as profit and loss statement and is the statement of sales and related costs(Atrill and Mclaney,2008; Geoffrey Lightfoot,2009) and finally the balance sheet which is the amount of assets and amount owed externally( Geoffrey Lightfoot, Chapter 2 Representation of Accounts and representation of theories of accounting : PageNo 5). All three aspects form the basis of the financial reporting of the organization. These are the methods which every company follows while producing their financial statements. Uses of Accounting: Creative accounting Companies often use these in a fraudulent way to produce accounts. These kinds of accounts are called as creative accounts and the practice is called creative accounting (Atrill and Mclaney,2008). It can be defined in a more specific way as the alteration in the accounting rules that raises concerns over the quality of published financial statements that is in line with what company wants others to see rather than what is fair and true regarding the financial position and performance. (Atrill and Mclaney,2008).There are mainly four methods of creative accounting which an organization can adopt. First, is the overstating revenues in which companies tend to exaggerate the revenues (total amount of money that a company receives by selling off goods or providing services). This is a core issue reported in many of the recent financial failures. Second is the massaging expense in which the directors handle the future costs of assets (anything that can furnish the money in the present or f uture; it can be tangible or intangible) skilfully which can in return make it possible to derive a consistent profit figures in the future. Third is the hiding or concealing of any losses or liabilities(help to make financial statements look in a great position. There has been a number of instances in the past of organization that this form of creative accounting has been adopted by the companies such as Enron Corporation failure was mainly because of this where they tried to hide their falling assets values ( Atrill and Mclaney,2008: Pg No.183). The notion was to represent the company accounts statements in a falsified way so that it may look healthier. Lastly, it can be overstating assets which are projecting the high values of asset than the fair market value which is again a spurious method of accounting. These practices are very much reported in the companies in recent past. But the major roll back in the history of accounting came after the Enron failure broke out in the year 2001 which caused the investors to lose money, a law was passed in the US in the year 2002 called the Sarbanes and Oxley Act (SOX) whose main objective is safeguarding the interest of the investors by completely revolutionising the financial reporting system (Ritto,2008). This law helps in keeping a check on the recording derivatives (that derive their value from the underlying assets) transactions. (Cunningham,2006:40) Key feature used by Enron Company to forge its accounts. Furthermore, many of these topics have been argued by a number of authors who have studied these topics in detail and have drawn various inferences ( Chwastiak and Young 2005;McSweeney1997). McSweeney has tried to focus on the authenticity of the financial reports that a company produces and termed it as representational faithfulness (McSweeney1997). These authors suggest that there are various conditions in which these financial reports cannot be trusted. McSweeney(1997) analysed two texts derived from US Fin ancial Accounts Standards Boards statement of financial accounting concept No.2:qualitative characteristic of accounting information(1980),and Tom Lees Cash Flow accounting(1984).( McSweeney1997: Pg No 694). In both of these texts McSweeney tried to reiterate that the representational faithfulness can be achieved only if the financial reports that are published should match with the economic transaction, events and circumstances that it purports (McSweeney1997: Pg No 695). Moreover, he argues that the representational faithfulness depends upon how well informed the reader is, if the reader has all the information then he can judge the authenticity and faithfulness of the representation himself. In addition to that he also gives the notion that the representation may be imprecise or in other words the accounting representations cannot always be accurate, it may vary but the question here is how much this variance must be considered. McSweeney affirms that impression can be a conseque nce of choice or to be unavoidable(McSweeney1997:page no 697).However, later on in the article when he studies the second text of Tom Lee in which Lee suggests that the Cash flow accounting can be a solution which offers accurate financial reporting without ambiguities. However, there are some authors who remain cynical in approach when it comes to discussing the annual reports that the companies produce (Chwastiak and Young,2005). They suggest that companies often do not care when it comes to projecting the profit maximisation in the annual reports. The financial reports are regarded as the dominant discourses which are always concerned to depict the profit maximisation without considering any other aspects like the earth hazards, human and animal hazards etc. He name these practices silencing of injustices (Chwastiak and Young,2005;Page No.534). Control Control can be defined as the method by which something is monitored or dominated. From organizational perspective the concept of control involves management accounting which is the branch of the accounting that deals with the nuances of management in the companies. It involves the notion of corporate governance which includes all the processes used to gain control over a firm.Control involves mainly two key features viz. future planning and decision making. Control can be accessed by the managers who have the related expertise in the relevant field however, Armstrong investigates that there has been a change in the recent management system which contradicts with the findings of the F J Taylor of scientific management which opines that the managers often have related experience in their relevant field and also Henri Foyal who also strengthens this view (Armstrong,2001). However, he further suggests the techniques in management system that completely revives the management system cove red in detail in latter part of the essay. Means and Measures of Control There are mainly two ways through which organizational control can be achieved. First is the budgeting and the other one is cost accounting. Budget Control Often control in the companies is achieved through proper future planning. This involves the budgeting where the future planning regarding the budgets of the companies are predicted and calculated and then the variances from the calculated performance and actual performance is calculated (Atrill and McLaney, 2008). As budgets are a sort of representation we can see the amalgamation of both the fields that is representation and control in one field. The main aims of budgeting are the monitoring variance, synchronization of activities in the organization, planning resource allocation (Geoffrey Lightfoot, Chapter4 Management Control and Control of Management 2009). Additionally, it also helps in the judgment of managers performance where it serves both as the measure of accountability and control as well (Geoffrey Lighfoot,Chapter 5 Management Control and Labour Processes 2009) Managers are also involved in the process of risk management where they can be held accountable in predicting the difference between the prepared budget and the variances. This is an important factor of failure of financial institutions. Budgetary control pattern can be further studies under two control systems: Feedback control system:- In this system first the budget is prepared and then the comparison between the actual performance and the prepared budgetary performance are juxtaposed and then the third step is the response to the variances and exercising control. It is a very useful measure by which the senior level management exercise the control and accountability over the junior level of managers in their budget preparation therefore, pressing towards the objectives of the business(Atrill and McLaney,2008;Glautier and Underdeum, 2001). Feedforward control system:- In this system anticipations are made as to where the prepared budget can go wrong. In this type of forecasting practice it is possible to know the short comings of the prepared budget and then actions would be taken on those areas and improved budget can be prepared (Atrill and McLaney,2008;Glautier and Underdeum ,2001). Activating based costing method (ABCM) This is another method which serves as a measure of planning and control. This involves the allotment of the costs and the services. This was formulated as a measure to revamp the obsolete process of the cost management system that involves the inefficiency of specifically predicting the production and services costs or convey the useful information for decisions. This is again an area where the concept of control and accountability is related as the managers performance can be measured based on the decision making of inaccurate data. ( Glautier and Underdeum, 2001).This is the technique that Armstrong consider in his paper as a modelling process which was developed to curb the inaccuracy of the previous accounting systems which comprises of single allocation base to the overheads costs.(Armstrong,2001). Senses of Control Senses of control imply various factors which can affect the organization working and its performance. It can be distributed into two fields viz. internal control or management control which are the process formulated to convey the reasonable assurance as regards to the attainment of the objectives of the organizations and external control (Cunningham,2006). These can be further classified in to two categories. They are as follows: Bureaucratic Control:- It refers to the usage reward, policies and rules that augments the performance of the employees in the organization. ( Available on http://www.strategic-control.24xls.com/en112 accessed on 09.12.2009) Clan Control:- It implies the use of the informal measures to enhance the efficiency of the employees working in the organization. ( Available on http://www.strategic-control.24xls.com/en112 accessed on 09.12.2009) The second type of control mechanism is external control in which the functioning of the organization is affected by some external factors. This involves market control process which employs the usage of price competition to judge the outputs. For market control system to operate there must be a reasonable degree of competition in goods or services it should be possible to clearly mention the requirements. (Barnat, 2005). Financial Institution failure All the three issues that we have discussed are the major factors which comes into play in the recent collapse of financial institution. Financial crunch or the recession of 2008 was mainly due to the failure of financial institutions. A financial institution can be defined as an institution which provides financial services to its clients. The recent failure of market was mainly caused due to the fall of Lehmans brother which was global financial player and dealt in a range of financial services like investment banking, fixed income sales, research and trading. It was in the month of September 2008 that it filed for bankruptcy with $639 billion assets and $619 billion in debt, its bankruptcy surpassed all the other reported bankruptcy like that of Enron and World.com.( http://www.investopedia.com/articles/economics/09/lehman-brothers-collapse.asp?viewed=1,2009). The reason of the failure of Lehman brothers was that during the economy boom time in US in the year 2005, it owned a stak e in the ownership of five mortgagers (acquired) including some of those who had tarnished image of credit history such as BNC mortgage, and Aurora Loan services, which were major subprime lenders at the same time Lehman also reported a record high of revenue earnings in the previous years enabled it to mount the profit rate 56% from 2004 to 2006. After the credit crisis broke out in 2007, it continued to its policy of lend more money in acquisition (Mortgage back securities) in order to boost up more profits. But due to credit crunch Lehman brother had to suffer losses(http://www.investopedia.com/articles/economics/09/lehman-brothers-collapse.asp?viewed=1,2009). It was here that the higher managerial authorities must have been held accountable. The argument of Chwastiak and Young seems relevant here that the financial entities are only concerned with the profit maximization. Secondly, the second factor of failure of Lehman brothers its high leverages value (usage of debt to fortify the investment in order to maximise the profit (loss)) (http://www.investopedia.com/articles/economics/09/lehman-brothers-collapse.asp?viewed=1,2009)). Here the problem with the recording derivatives can be seen in which the Lehman failed. The third factor was the risk management failure in which the senior management failed in assessing the risk of the future and therefore, failed from the internal control perspective. Besides this there are other examples also like the failure of Merrill Lynch, Arthur Andersen etc. that failed to comply with the three issues viz accountability, representation and control. These three topics are very vital in respect to the organizations as it forms the three pillars on which the functioning of an organization is based. However, often these issues are overlooked and the companies suffer losses and eventually market collapses thereby undermining the public interest. However, after the recent failures and crisis the governments have taken up controls over economy in the recession hit countries and are trying to revive the global market scenarios. Nonetheless, it cannot be achieved until these issues are strictly considered with compliance.

Government and Economics in China Essay -- China

Introduction China is one of the most populous countries of the world with over 1.3 billion people and covering a geographical area of about 9.6 million square kilometres. It lies on the eastern end of the large Asia continent and enjoys a remarkably long coastline. It has a large economy, given the large population and a wide array of natural resources especially mineral resources which are the backbone of its economy. With a well cultivated constitution that was put in place by the largest political party, the Communist Party of China (CPC), China has reforms underway aimed at closing the otherwise wide gap between the rich and the poor. The country suffers employment deficit, despite having one of the world’s largest economy. The people of China are largely farmers or work in the many industrial plants that are numerous. Having developed peacefully and after calming prior conflicts with different foreign countries earlier, currently China maintains peace with many countries of the worl d. Legal, Economic and Political Background of China The Chinese political system has taken a dual leadership system under which each local office is under coequal authority of the local leaders who have the overall local oversight of the relevant ministry. In the higher ranks, the larger Communist Party of China (CPC) almost entirely governs the country and apparently, the country has no relevant political opposition parties. The party has for long endorsed a system that considers people’s personal grievances although these grievances must not at all lean on any group organization. The current political directive aims at coming up with such policies that will guide any political ambitions towards lessening the rapidly increasing gap between ... ...U’s development. [Online]. Available at: [accessed 04 April 2012]. Barboza, D., 2010. In China, unlikely labour leader just wanted middle-class life, The New York Times, [Online]. Available at: global/14honda.html?_r=1&scp=1&sq=unlikely%20labor%20leaders%20china&st=cse> [accessed 04 April 2012]. Child, J., 2009. Context, comparison and methodology in Chinese management research, Management and Organization Review, (5)1, p. 57–73. Howell, J.A., 2008. All-China Federation of Trades Unions beyond reform? The slow march of direct elections, China Quarterly, 196, p. 845–863. Hishida et al. 2010. China’s trade unions: How autonomous are they? A survey of 1,811 enterprise union chairpersons. Abingdon: Routledge. Wal-Mart China, China Journal, 58, p. 1–27. Government and Economics in China Essay -- China Introduction China is one of the most populous countries of the world with over 1.3 billion people and covering a geographical area of about 9.6 million square kilometres. It lies on the eastern end of the large Asia continent and enjoys a remarkably long coastline. It has a large economy, given the large population and a wide array of natural resources especially mineral resources which are the backbone of its economy. With a well cultivated constitution that was put in place by the largest political party, the Communist Party of China (CPC), China has reforms underway aimed at closing the otherwise wide gap between the rich and the poor. The country suffers employment deficit, despite having one of the world’s largest economy. The people of China are largely farmers or work in the many industrial plants that are numerous. Having developed peacefully and after calming prior conflicts with different foreign countries earlier, currently China maintains peace with many countries of the worl d. Legal, Economic and Political Background of China The Chinese political system has taken a dual leadership system under which each local office is under coequal authority of the local leaders who have the overall local oversight of the relevant ministry. In the higher ranks, the larger Communist Party of China (CPC) almost entirely governs the country and apparently, the country has no relevant political opposition parties. The party has for long endorsed a system that considers people’s personal grievances although these grievances must not at all lean on any group organization. The current political directive aims at coming up with such policies that will guide any political ambitions towards lessening the rapidly increasing gap between ... ...U’s development. [Online]. Available at: [accessed 04 April 2012]. Barboza, D., 2010. In China, unlikely labour leader just wanted middle-class life, The New York Times, [Online]. Available at: global/14honda.html?_r=1&scp=1&sq=unlikely%20labor%20leaders%20china&st=cse> [accessed 04 April 2012]. Child, J., 2009. Context, comparison and methodology in Chinese management research, Management and Organization Review, (5)1, p. 57–73. Howell, J.A., 2008. All-China Federation of Trades Unions beyond reform? The slow march of direct elections, China Quarterly, 196, p. 845–863. Hishida et al. 2010. China’s trade unions: How autonomous are they? A survey of 1,811 enterprise union chairpersons. Abingdon: Routledge. Wal-Mart China, China Journal, 58, p. 1–27.

Essay on Literacy in African-American Literature -- compare and contras

Levels of Literacy in African-American Literature - Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, Song of Solomon, and Push      Ã‚  Ã‚   Through literacy will come emancipation. So runs a theme throughout the various selections we have read thus far. But emancipation comes in many forms, as does literacy. The various aspects of academic literacy are rather obvious in relation to emancipation, especially when one is confronted with exclusion from membership in the dominant culture. In the various slave narratives we have examined, all but one writer, Mary Prince, managed to achieve academic literacy to varying degrees (although, Mary Prince was in the process of learning to read and write). And even though she was not literate, Mary was still able to have her story told. Frederick Douglass, made it a point to attain literacy at any cost. Most, but not all, of Toni Morrison's characters in Song of Solomon appear to have attained at least a modicum of literacy. In Push, Sapphire has her protagonist, Precious, pointed down a long road toward at least a minimal form of academic literacy that will allow her to become a more functional human being and a much more productive member of society. What part does literacy play in the advancement of the individual, and to what lengths will one go to achieve it? What part must the individual play to make certain that literacy leads to the desired or implied advancement? And, finally, is there a cost for literacy, or is it always something gained?    Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass    As a relatively young man, Frederick Douglass discovers, in his Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, that learning to read and write can be his path to freedom. Upon discovering that... ...he past, but Douglass and Precious can use their connections with the past as means to avoid its mistakes. So all three find a personal use for what once was reality as a promise for a more fulfilling reality in the future. And in a certain sense, all three find emancipation through their disparate relationships with literacy.    Works Cited Douglass, Frederick. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass. The Classic Slave Narratives. Ed. Henry Louis Gates, Jr. New York: New American Library, 1987. 243-331. Gates, Henry Louis. The Classic Slave Narratives. New York: New American Library, 1987. Graff, Harvey J. The Literacy Myth: Literacy and Social Structure in the Nineteenth-Century City. New York: Academic Press, 1979. Morrison, Toni. Song of Solomon. New York: Penguin Books USA, Inc., 1987. Sapphire. Push. New York: Vintage Books, 1996.

Distinctively Visual speech Essay

Good morning/afternoon class and maim, I am here today to demonstrate my understanding of the concept of distinctively visual, through an analysis of the relationship between Henry Lawson’s short story ‘The Drover’s Wife’ , with a strong, courageous and determined woman that deals with the severe, unmerciful Australian outback. The painting ‘Battling Bushfires by the Alan J. Benge in 2007 illustrates a woman, face to face fighting against a bushfire encroaching on her land. Another Henry Lawson short story â€Å"The Loaded Dog† is about a dog that innocently takes a stick of dynamite, sparking it as he runs past the camp fire, then tries to play with it and in fear, everyone that runs away, and thirdly, James Reeves â€Å"The Sea†, a poem that creates an extended metaphor of a dog, which illustrates the change of behaviour of both a dog and the sea. My chosen related text â€Å"battling bushfires† is a distinctively visual image that explores the harsh and rugged environment of the Australian outback and the people in it. In this painting, the artist powerfully depicts the determination and strength of the salient figure the woman, as she battles the fire that is encroaching on her land destroying everything in its path and potentially, her house seen in the background of the painting. Bege carefully uses his brush techniques and colours, such as the black, dark reds and orange illustrating the striking image of heat and the threat of danger, as well as the diagonal lines of vector, of the fire and her arms, to reinforce the woman standing, fighting face to face with the advancing fire. Distinctively visual is represented by the dominance of the woman in the foreground as she stands there strong and determined, leading a small team of men battling the fire with only a few wet sacks. She is the only female figure in this p ainting which emphasizes to the audience her courage as she battles to save the family home. As the team, composing of mostly men, work together to battle the bushfire, using the true Australian pioneer spirit, it is the female figure in a dress that dominates the painting. She is the major visual centre piece of the picture. The only woman fighting the fire beside strong hardy men highlights the bravery and courage of the hardworking qualities of the woman battling to save her home. â€Å"The Drover’s Wife† clearly mirrors the painting with her similar qualities of protectiveness and experiences with  battling bushfires not letting fear get in the way as he puts on her husband’s trousers to battle the fire. Lawson creates a distinctively visual picture of the â€Å"Drover’s Wife† for the reader through his use of descriptive language as it creates an engaging image in the readers imagination of the â€Å"gaunt sun browned woman† as she battles her way through life of the Australian outback. â€Å"The Sea† by James reeves is a poem that successfully makes an extended metaphor that depicts a distinctive image of a dog by relating it to â€Å"the sea†. Reeves also links the different behaviours of the sea, and how it relates to the behaviours and moods of a dog. â€Å"The sea† is brought to life as Reeves uses a number of literary tools, for example, the use of onomatopoeia or sound words such as â€Å"Roars†, â€Å"sniffs† and â€Å"snuffs† describes the poem vividly capturing reader’s imagination. He grasps the relation between the giant grey dog and ocean. The playful more happy nature of a dog is visualised in the first stanza as Reeves imagery describes the ocean and relates it’s be behaviours to a dog, with the way they roll around on the beach. This is similar to the way the rough waves tumble and crash on the ocean shore. Over the three stanzas we are able to see the recognisable shift of mood from anger to playfulness to complete relaxation.P Henry Lawson’s â€Å"the loaded dog†, mirrors the atmosphere of the environment created by reeves, as the lively behavioural characters of the dog in â€Å"the sea†, are parallel with the also lively, playful, mischievous dog in â€Å"the loaded dog†. There is a contrasting objective with the two composing animals, clearly separating the two characterisations of the yellow vicious canine, in henry Lawson’s short story, and the joyful big black dog. The way both the authors have creatively used language, encourages the mind’s eye to vividly capture the images that he writers are trying to express. The readers visualises the scenes in â€Å"the loaded dog† because the narration is skilfully manipulated to build and hold tension throughout the story. In conclusion, I was able use all the four texts to show my knowledge and understanding of the topic distinctively visual and how they relate to composing texts. When relating materials we can display how each of the themes from each text plays its role with the overall result for the reader. The woman in battling bushfires, was the distinctive image as she stood out leading the team of men to fight the fire that was potentially destroying her house. My last related material â€Å"the sea† linked the sea to a distinctive image of a dog  through the use of the descriptive language that captures the reader from start to finish, showing the recognisable shifts of mood. Thank you. The sea is a hungry dog, Giant and grey. He rolls on the beach all day. With his clashing teeth and shaggy jaws Hour upon hour he gnaws The rumbling, tumbling stones, And ‘Bones, bones, bones, bones! ‘ The giant sea-dog moans, Licking his greasy paws. And when the night wind roars And the moon rocks in the stormy cloud, He bounds to his feet and snuffs and sniffs, Shaking his wet sides over the cliffs, And howls and hollos long and loud. But on quiet days in May or June, When even the grasses on the dune Play no more their reedy tune, With his head between his paws He lies on the sandy shores, So quiet, so quiet, he scarcely snores.

Density Lab Report

Density is defined by its mass per unit volume, and is most often written in mathematical terms as; d = m / vMass is usually given in grams, g, and volume is given in cubic centimeters, g/cm3, or, grams per milliliter, g/mL. Density is not a property that depends upon the amount of substance present. For example, one gram of lead and one ton of lead have the same density. Density also does depend on temperature. For instance cold water is denser than warm water; ice is less dense than both. The method used for determining the density of a substance depends on the nature of the substance. In this lab the densities of unknown irregularly shaped solids and liquids was determined.Accuracy and precision of the results will be estimated, and attention will be paid to the correct use of the significant figures. The experiment approach that will be used will tell the mass and volume of the metal and liquid determined by measuring these two quantities with a graduated cylinder and biuret. Pro cedure:a) The density of metalsFirst I obtained a quantity of unknown metal. Recording the unknown number. I used only one type of metal for this part of the experiment.The unknown metal that I was instructed to use was a chunk, therefore, I used a 50ml graduated cylinder. When using the 50ml cylinder, I filled it with water to approximately the 35ml mark. Then recorded the exact volume of water that was added. I placed the cylinder and water on the balance and recorded the mass to every 0.1g. I added the metal to the graduated cylinder until the water level increased by approximately 2.0ml. Being sure to tap the sides of the cylinder to release any air bubbles. I then recorded the volume of the water plus metal to the nearest 0.1mL.Then recorded the total mass of the cylinder, water and metal. I added more pieces of metal to the cylinder until the water level had increased by 2.5ml. Then I recorded the exact volume of water plus metal and total mass of cylinder, water and metal. I repeated the procedure twice more. Being careful not to go over the 50ml mark. And recording the data each time.Calculations:I determined the total volume of metal in the cylinder by subtracting the volume of water from the volume of water plus metal. Then found the corresponding mass of metal by subtracting the mass of the cylinder and water from the mass of the cylinder, water and metal. I plotted out the graph showing the total mass of metal on the y-axis, and the volume on the x-axis. I found the slope of the line by taking two random points from the graph, performing the slope formula and finding the density. From the table provided, I identified the unknown metal to be silver.b). Determining the density of a water/ethanol mixture.I obtained an unknown solution from the instructor. Then recorded the number of the solution.Then I rinsed a buret with a little of the ethanol solution, and filled the buret with that same solution. I read the buret level to the nearest 0.05ml. Then weighed an empty 250ml Erlenmeyer flask. I turned the knob of the buret and put approximately 23.4ml of solution into the flask. I read the buret again, to 0.05ml and recorded.Next I weighed the flask and its contents, by placing the flask on the balance and recording the temperature of the solution. I then determined the density of the solution by taking the mass of solution and dividing it by the volume of solution. Repeating the procedure twice more using a clean flask and the same balance each time.Calculations:For each of the three trials I calculated the density of the solution and determined the mean, average deviation from the mean, percent precision and the range. I then drew a calibration curve from the data given on page 17 of my Laboratory Manual.Discussion:Based on the value of my density, and based on the literature values given on page 16 of my Laboratory Manual, the unknown metal is silver. The density I had obtained from the slope of the graph was 9.09g/mL. I then c ompared my density to the chart given, looking for a similar density. The density of my unknown metal was not exact with a particular metal given in  the chart, but I kept in mind that the density of silver can vary depending of the state it is in.Error Analysis:The possible sources of error in finding the density of the unknown metal and liquid would have to be my consistency throughout the experiment. I had approximated with my bare eye and was not consistently exact. Therefore, there was an inaccuracy in reading the volume displaced from the graduated cylinder and the biuret.